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Mapping of electronic gaming machine location and area-level socioeconomic status in Denmark

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Author(s): Kristiansen, Søren ; Lund, Rolf Lyneborg

Journal: Journal of Gambling Issues

Year Published: 2022

Date Added: September 27, 2022

The aim of this study was to map the location and density of electronic gaming machines (EGMs) in Denmark. Another aim was to examine whether EGMs cluster in areas with specific socioeconomic status (SES). Using micro-area modelling methods, the researchers found that EGMs are located throughout the country. But clusters of more than 100 EGMs are present in larger cities. Thus, larger cities are the hotspots for EGMs although there are some notable exceptions. There is a positive relationship between area-level SES and EGM location. Areas with lower SES tend to have a greater number of EGMs. Furthermore, people in the lowest SES percentile live, on average, 100 meters closer to the nearest EGM venue than the rest of the population.


Citation: Kristiansen, S., & Lund, R. L. (2022). The geography of gambling: A socio-spatial analysis of gambling machine location and area-level socio-economic status. Journal of Gambling Issues, 49, 44-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2022.49.2

Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2022.49.2

Keywords: community gambling venues ; Electronic Gambling Machines (EGMs) ; gambling venues ; geography ; risk factors ; socioeconomic status ; venue proximity

Topics: Cultural Factors ; Game Types ; Information for Operators ; Priority Populations ; Slots and VLTs ; Socioeconomic Status

Conceptual Framework Factors:   Exposure - Gambling Setting ; Environment - Social and Economic Impacts ; Exposure - Accessibility ; Social - Social Demographics ; Gambling Environment ; Gambling Exposure ; Social Factors

Study Design: Spatial Analysis

Geographic Coverage: Denmark

Sampling Procedure: The researchers used data from three different sources: (1) geographical grid data from The Danish Geodata Agency; (2) individual-level as well as area-level socio-economic status (SES) for the year 2019 from Statistics Denmark; and (3) data on EGM location provided by The Danish Gambling Authority.

Study Funding:

No external funding was provided for this study.

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