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Comparing human-designed and AI-generated safer gambling emails

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View Open Access Article View Snapshot Back to Search Results

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Author(s): Mejías-Martínez, Guillermo ; Cuesta Cambra, Ubaldo

Journal: Social Sciences & Humanities Open

Year Published: 2026

Date Added: June 24, 2026

This study evaluated three versions of safer gambling (SG) emails, including (1) original emails sent to customers by JuegosONCE (a gambling operator in Spain), (2) an expert-informed human redesign, and (3) an AI-generated redesign. The researchers compared the three versions in terms of cognitive and emotional outcomes. Adult participants were recruited from JuegosONCE’s active customer base by email invitation and completed an online experiment with a survey. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions: (1) original emails (95 participants); (2) human-designed versions (123 participants); or (3) AI-generated versions (123 participants).

There were only small differences between the AI-generated and human-designed versions in terms of perceived quality (format, content, appropriateness, and appeal), and both versions outperformed the original emails. Both versions also received more positive emotional reaction. But psychological reactance was slightly higher for the AI-generated versions. Both versions did not have an impact on beliefs about winning probability or gambler’s fallacy. The AI-generated versions slightly increased the illusion of control.


Citation: Mejías-Martínez, G., & Cuesta Cambra, U. (2026). Human-in-the-loop AI for policy communication: Improving responsible gambling emails while mitigating illusion of control and emotional reactance. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102640

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102640

Keywords: artificial intelligence ; illusion of control ; messaging ; public policy ; safer gambling

Topics: Gambling Cognitions ; Information for Policy Makers

Conceptual Framework Factors:   Exposure - Marketing and Messaging ; Environment - Responsible Gambling ; Resources - Harm Reduction, Prevention, and Protection ; Gambling Environment ; Psychological - Judgement and Decision Making ; Environment - Public Policy ; Gambling Exposure ; Gambling Resources

Study Design: Experimental: NRCT (non-randomized controlled trial)

Geographic Coverage: Spain

Study Population: The online experiment involved adults who were customers of JuegosONCE (n=341).

Sampling Procedure: Non-probabilistic sampling of JuegosONCE active users for the online experiment.

Study Funding:

This study received no direct funding.

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