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Gambling behaviour and motives among adolescent and young recreational athletes in Spain

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Author(s): Estévez, Ana ; Llanos, Maitane ; Aonso-Diego, Gema

Journal: Psychology, Health & Medicine

Year Published: 2026

Date Added: July 17, 2026

This study examined gambling among adolescent and young recreational athletes and explored how gambling modality (online vs. offline), betting on one’s own sport, and gambling activities might relate to gambling severity and gambling motives. Participants were young people aged 15 to 35 years old who were recreational athletes in a sport officially recognized by the Spanish Sports Federation. A total of 244 participants completed an online survey. The study found that gambling was common among recreational athletes, with 73% having gambled in their lifetime and 16% being at-risk or experiencing problem gambling. Men were more likely than women to report problem gambling and stronger motives to gamble. Online gambling, sports betting, and engaging in card games were associated with having greater risk of or problem gambling. Athletes who bet on their own sport and those who engaged in certain gambling activities, especially slot machines, tended to report stronger gambling motives.


Citation: Estévez, A., Llanos, M., & Aonso-Diego, G. (2026). Gambling behavior among adolescent and young recreational athletes: The role of gender, gambling modality, and sport characteristics. Psychology, Health & Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2026.2659696

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2026.2659696

Keywords: adolescents ; athletes ; gambling ; gender differences ; sports ; young adults

Topics: Children and Youth ; Priority Populations ; Sports Betting

Conceptual Framework Factors:   Cultural - Gender ; Social - Social Demographics ; Psychological - Lifespan Development ; Types - Motivational Characteristics ; Gambling Exposure ; Social Factors

Study Design: Descriptive: Survey

Geographic Coverage: Spain

Study Population: Recreational athletes aged 15 to 35 years (n=244), who engaged in at least four hours of practice every week in a sport officially recognized by the Spanish Sports Federation

Sampling Procedure: Participants were recruited through local sports clubs and through snowball sampling. Data collection took place between October 2024 and March 2025.

Study Funding:

This study was funded by the Directorate General for the Regulation of Gambling and by a Postdoctoral grant from the Ministry of Science and from the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.

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